The Declaration Of Independence And The United States...

There are several roles that the United States government undertakes, and principle among these roles is the role of protector. The United States government (hereafter referred to as â€Å"government†) is charged with protecting its citizens from dangers, both foreign and domestic. The Declaration of Independence is the first to highlight the government’s role as protector by stating that all people have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and â€Å"to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men† (2). The Constitution then further explains how the government is to secure these rights, and provides an in-depth list of rights, the Amendments, which are derived from the principle three: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. To fulfill its role as protector, the government must be forceful, and enforce its laws. However, the government cannot enforce its laws on law-abiding citizens; therefore, it must enforce its laws on la w-breaking citizens. In addition to enforcing the law on law-breaking citizens, the government’s role as protector requires that the government ensures that foreign individuals cannot harm Americans or American interests. Now more than ever are the defenses against foreign threats important to Americans; this passion and fear emanates from 9/11, the largest terror attack on American soil. After 9/11, the Bush administration convinced Congress to pass a law known as â€Å"The Patriot Act†. There are two important functions to theShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration of Independence: Americas Foundation Essay example1229 Words   |  5 Pagesissue the Declaration of Independence being a legal document has been up for debate in courts for many years now. Although, the Declaration of Independence clarifies the United States identity as a free nation, it has generated intense controversy. Some feel strongly that it did not clearly define the new powers that the thirteen colonies would acquire and did not define the identity of the United States; while, others firmly believe that without the Declaration of Independence the United States wouldRead MoreA comparison of the United States Constitution And The Declaration of Independence712 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction The United States Constitution and The Declaration of Independence are two of America s most famous documents that laid the foundation for it s independence as a nation and separation from British rule. The following paper will compare these two documents and decipher the difference of the two. While both Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution contain important information regarding America s independence they are also different in many respects. DraftedRead MoreGovernmental Foundation in the Declaration of Independence Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesJuly 4, 1776, the United States of Americas Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, announced that the thirteen colonies were declaring their independence and, in doing so, were independent states apart from the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence is comprised mainly of colonial grievances and assertions of human rights. The Declaration of Independence formed a profoundRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Declaration of Independence is one of the most remarkable documents of the United States of America. The elaborate document contains almost fourteen-hundred words including a basic structure divided into two parts and within the two divided parts contains four main ideas within seven components. The declaration is not just any standard written document; it is a work of art painted by colonists who are driven by rage because of King George III of Great Britain injustices’ toward the coloniesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence By Great Britain882 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and Jefferson’s Letter to the Danbury Baptists are three significant documents that played a major role in the founding of our nation. The documents are important on their own as they cut ties with a large country, establish a new country, and enforce the rights of its citizens. However, they are just important as a set as they show the growth and strength of a nation in its infancy. The Declaration of Independence The DeclarationRead MoreEssay On The Declaration Of Independence778 Words   |  4 Pages1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by the founding fathers, thus implementing the foundation of the American government. The Declaration of Independence represents great significance in the history of the United States due to its influence throughout time. The Declaration signifies the rebellion against the British Parliament and the unification of the colonies in the fight for equality, liberty, and justice. Furthermore, the Declaration established a new form of government whereinRead MoreDocumentations That Made Up The United States Of America1749 Words   |  7 Pagesup the United States of America On June 11, 1776, the Second Continental Congress met at Carpenter Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where five men were appointed to be a part of a comity to write the Declaration of Independence and become liberated from the British government. The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in American history. It tells the major ideas that the Founders had about government. Eventually, after several rough drafts of the Declaration of IndependenceRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson1670 Words   |  7 Pagesin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where five men were appointed to be a part of a comity to write the Declaration of Independence and become liberated from the British government. The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in American history. It tells the major ideas that the Founders had about government. Eventually, after several rough drafts of the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson, a fin al draft was written and finally approved by the Second Continental CongressRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The American Declaration Of Independence1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Constitution and the American Declaration of Independence The Constitution of the United States of America is always touted and considered by many across the globe as one of the most liberal and people-friendly Constitutions in the world over. This assertion flows from the lofty language with which the document was written by its drafters and further inherent in the subsequent amendments. It represents the supreme law of the U.S, having been promulgated back in 1778. On the otherRead MoreThe Declaration, Facts And Emotions909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Declaration, Facts and Emotions for Independence The 4th of July, the United States of America’s very-own birthday, a day of celebration of its citizens God-given rights and liberties, and its independence from the crown of Great Britain. If America was â€Å"born† on the 4th of July in the year 1776, then The Declaration of Independence could be considered its very own birth certificate. The Declaration of Independence, as time has proven, is one of the most successful arguments ever made by The Declaration Of Independence And The United States... The Declaration of Independence contended the United States should be established as a country free from British control, the U.S. Constitution is a set of rules for that nation to follow, and Mark Twain’s As Regards Patriotism examines how these two documents affect the mindset of this country. Groupthink, not a word use in 1900, when Twain penned his essay, is a good analogy of what he was discussing. Psychology Today says, â€Å"Groupthink occurs when a group values harmony and coherence over accurate analysis and critical evaluation. It causes individual members of the group to unquestioningly follow the word of the leader and it strongly discourages any disagreement with the consensus.† In As Regards Patriotism, Twain talks about how training creates belief, and one belief can be patriotism, â€Å"A man can seldom—very, very seldom—fight a winning fight against his training; the odds are too heavy.† Americans have been trained to belie ve that the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution are the epitome of the American ideal. The Declaration of Independence tells us, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed† the U.S. Constitution, on the other hand,Show MoreRelatedPresident Bush And The Declaration Of Independence1546 Words   |  7 Pagespeople has been seen for decades, even before gaining our independence from the British. Our nation as a whole is not easily deterred; there is no challenge or obstacle too big for Americans to overcome. Over our whole existence as a country, that statement has held true, no tragedy or rivalry has been able to damage that. â€Å"Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People† by President Bush and â€Å"The Declaration of Independence† by Thomas Jefferson are examples of Americans overcomingRead MoreThe United States Of America1340 Words   |  6 Pagesjourney of how the United States of America became the United States of America is a very complex one. With America declaring separation from the Great English Empire, to the organization of becoming a free, sovereign nation and lastly, the migration and colonization of the now, western United States, including the great state of Nevada, has many components. The Declaration of Independence initiated the process of becoming a country of its own. This Document pushed the separation from England and showedRead MoreThe Significance of the Declaration Of Independence1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Declaration of Independence is the most important and oldest document in the United State’s History. The Declaration was drafted and signed to announce our Decl aration Of Independence from Great Britain, by saying, â€Å" The United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free andRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence, Immigration Policy And The Constitution929 Words   |  4 Pagesgained the most interest from me was; The Declaration of Independence, Immigration Policy and The Constitution. Throughout this essay I will discuss why I found these topics interesting. The first topic I will discuss is The Declaration of Independence. According to the Heritage Foundation the Declaration of Independence is the founding document of the American political tradition. It articulates the fundamental ideas that form the American nation: All men are created free and equal and possess theRead MoreAnalysis of the Declaration of Independence Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson was made in order to give the colonists a way to break free from the shackles of King George. This document has affected the building blocks of the United States and is one of the most important documents in U.S. history. The Declaration of Independance was the foundation of what this country was based on. However, what Jefferson and the other signers might not have expected is the strech, the firmRead MoreThe British Of The Colonists1260 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 1700s, the Colonists were enraged how the British Parliament were treating them. The British Parliament had been constantly ignoring their rights and forcing taxes upon the colonies. This set an outroar in the colonies, especially in Massachusetts. Parliament had created new laws that limited the Massachusetts-bay in shipping and landing goods and also an act that for a better regulation government in this providence. All of the colonists deemed this as â€Å"Impoliti c, unjust, and cruel, as wellRead MoreThe American Revolution Was a Major Turning Point885 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break free from the British Empire, to become the United States of America. It fundamentally changed the American society politically, socially and economically by the establishments of the Declaration of Independence and conflicts over stronger states rights or stronger central government, paper currency, womens rights and slavery. The American Revolution brought enormousRead MoreMoments Of History : Jessica Miller, Fingerlakes Community College1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe coasts of the landâ€Å", according to (Foner.p 8). The first foreign countries to settle and steal the land away from the natives were Britain, Spain, and France. Britain claimed majority of the east coasts after thousands of immigrants and settlers crossed the Atlantic Ocean to escape religion, poverty, and looked from jobs. Several migrations occurred throughout history, but early settlement in the Americas later formed British thirteen colonies. The thirteen colonies started in Virginia and wereRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States897 Words   |  4 Pages The Declaration of Independence stated the United States should be established as a country, free from British control, the U.S. Constitution is a set of rules for that nation to follow, and Mark Twain’s As Regards Patriotism examines how these two documents affect the mindset of this country. Groupthink, not a word use in 1900, when Twain penned his essay, but it is a good analogy of what he was discussing. Psychology Today says, â€Å"Groupthink occurs when a group values harmony and coherenceRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence Essay5844 Words   |  24 Pagesï » ¿THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (1776) Thomas Jefferson Context The Declaration of Independence,  completed and signed in July of 1776, marked the official separation between the 13 colonies and Great Britain. An armed struggle between the colonies and Britain had begun just over a year before, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The formal declaration of independence established the new American revolutionary government and officially declared war against Great Britain. The primary The Declaration Of Independence And The United States... Two of the most important documents in United States history, are the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. The Declaration of Independence was a catalyst that helped to shape America to what it is today: a nation where its core values are still defined, and where life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness still thrive in the American people. The rights that people possess are called natural rights, these were the standards for a human life and were not dependent of any government or a culture. After four years of American triumph in the Revolutionary War, to make another contract for overseeing the stabilization of the country, representatives â€Å"established delegates in the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention† (Carey 40). In drafting the Constitution, the greater part of the Founding Fathers trusted that the defenses composed into it would secure the privileges of Americans. When the Constitution was sent to the states in 1787 for confirmation , an incredible thunder of dissatisfaction went up. Different Americans from various states requested that a Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution. Various states approved the Constitution just restrictively. They would favor the Constitution just on the chance that it was changed to incorporate these rights (Carey 40). After reading Krugman’s â€Å"The Death of Horatio Alger,† Cox’s and Alm’s â€Å"By Our Own Bootstraps,† and Dalmia’s â€Å"Long Live the American Dream,† these articles inform the reader and give aShow MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And The Declaration Of Independence1246 Words   |  5 PagesD.O.I vs. US Constitution The United States Constitution and the Declaration of Independence are two of the most important documents in American history. Despite being written only eleven years apart and influenced by many of the same founders, these two documents are very different from each other. To understand the two documents better, you must distinguish certain areas of comparison between them. The three areas of comparison, I will speculate and contrast will center on the main goals of theRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The Declaration Of Independence1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States Constitution and the Declaration of Independence are two of the most important documents in American history. Despite being written only eleven years apart and influenced by many of the same founders, these two documents are very different from each other. To understand the documents better, certain areas of comparison must be distinguished between them. The three areas of comparison I will speculat e and contrast will center on the main goals of the documents, certain key wordsRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Constitution2242 Words   |  9 PagesThe Declaration of Independence was a new beginning for the thirteen colonies, formerly a part of the British empire. This document brought about a new understanding of how the country would be run. The Articles of Confederation were adopted November 15, 1777 and remained the sole form of government until it was replaced by the current United States Constitution in 1788 for its lack of efficiency in running the country. Federalists and Anti-Federalists argued endlessly over the pros and cons of theRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The Declaration Of Independence1288 Words   |  6 Pagesled to the creation of the Declaration of Independence and prompt the American Revolution War. After the American Revolution War, Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the United States Constitution. T he United States Constitution is a document that consist of the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. A state’s constitution is defined as a set of fundamental policies or organic laws according to a state. Pennsylvania’s Constitution of 1776 was considered theRead MoreA comparison of the United States Constitution And The Declaration of Independence712 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction The United States Constitution and The Declaration of Independence are two of America s most famous documents that laid the foundation for it s independence as a nation and separation from British rule. The following paper will compare these two documents and decipher the difference of the two. While both Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution contain important information regarding America s independence they are also different in many respects. DraftedRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The American Declaration Of Independence1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Constitution and the American Declaration of Independence The Constitution of the United States of America is always touted and considered by many across the globe as one of the most liberal and people-friendly Constitutions in the world over. This assertion flows from the lofty language with which the document was written by its drafters and further inherent in the subsequent amendments. It represents the supreme law of the U.S, having been promulgated back in 1778. On the otherRead MoreBenjamin Franklin : The Declaration Of Independence And The Constitution Of The United States764 Words   |  4 PagesBenjamin Franklin (born January 17th) was one of the founding fathers who drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. He was a man of many talents and accomplished many great feats during his lifetime. Being born on January 17th makes him fall under the influence of Saturn, Capricorn and number 8. He was very hardworking, ambitious and enterprising. Starting from 12 years old he helped his brother comp ose pamphlets and he would personally sell those on the streetRead MoreGovernmental Foundation in the Declaration of Independence Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesJuly 4, 1776, the United States of Americas Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, announced that the thirteen colonies were declaring their independence and, in doing so, were independent states apart from the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence is comprised mainly of colonial grievances and assertions of human rights. The Declaration of Independence formed a profoundRead MoreComparison Paper GOVT200679 Words   |  3 PagesS. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence are two of the oldest documents in America and two of the most popular. These documents help to shape America and gave us freedom from the British government. The two documents contains very important information about o ur independence but they are different in many ways. In this paper I will compare the two documents and incorporate an outlook from the Christian biblical worldview. The U.S Constitution and the Declaration of Independence areRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence: Americas Foundation Essay example1229 Words   |  5 Pagesissue the Declaration of Independence being a legal document has been up for debate in courts for many years now. Although, the Declaration of Independence clarifies the United States identity as a free nation, it has generated intense controversy. Some feel strongly that it did not clearly define the new powers that the thirteen colonies would acquire and did not define the identity of the United States; while, others firmly believe that without the Declaration of Independence the United States would The Declaration Of Independence And The United States... The Declaration of Independence was a new beginning for the thirteen colonies, formerly a part of the British empire. This document brought about a new understanding of how the country would be run. The Articles of Confederation were adopted November 15, 1777 and remained the sole form of government until it was replaced by the current United States Constitution in 1788 for its lack of efficiency in running the country. Federalists and Anti-Federalists argued endlessly over the pros and cons of the two documents. The questions that arise are is the Constitution a radical change from the Articles or was it not so distinct? As well as, do both documents embody the Declaration or does one document do more so? The United States Constitution, which holds truer to the principles in the Declaration of Independence, is a radical change from the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution was a distinct change from the Articles, but similarities between the two do exist. Both documents were e stablished by the same people. The Continental Congress resided over the writing of both. Both documents refer to the country as â€Å"The United States of America.† The Articles of Confederation state in Article I, â€Å"The stile of this confederacy shall be ‘The United States of America† (Continental 155). As well the Preamble of the Constitution addresses citizens as â€Å"...People of the United States† (Philadelphia 171). Both documents were considered the official government of the United States, andShow MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And The Declaration Of Independence1246 Words   |  5 PagesD.O.I vs. US Constitution The United States Constitution and the Declaration of Independence are two of the most important documents in American history. Despite being written only eleven years apart and influenced by many of the same founders, these two documents are very different from each other. To understand the two documents better, you must distinguish certain areas of comparison between them. The three areas of comparison, I will speculate and contrast will center on the main goals of theRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Constitution Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesTwo of the most important documents in United States history, are the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. The Declaration of Independence was a catalyst that helped to shape America to what it is today: a nation where its core values are still defined, and where life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness still thrive in the American people. The rights that people possess are called n atural rights, these were the standards for a human life and were not dependent of anyRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The Declaration Of Independence1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States Constitution and the Declaration of Independence are two of the most important documents in American history. Despite being written only eleven years apart and influenced by many of the same founders, these two documents are very different from each other. To understand the documents better, certain areas of comparison must be distinguished between them. The three areas of comparison I will speculate and contrast will center on the main goals of the documents, certain key wordsRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The Declaration Of Independence1288 Words   |  6 Pagesled to the creation of the Declaration of Independence and prompt the American Revolution War. After the American Revolution War, Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the United States Constitution . The United States Constitution is a document that consist of the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. A state’s constitution is defined as a set of fundamental policies or organic laws according to a state. Pennsylvania’s Constitution of 1776 was considered theRead MoreA comparison of the United States Constitution And The Declaration of Independence712 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction The United States Constitution and The Declaration of Independence are two of America s most famous documents that laid the foundation for it s independence as a nation and separation from British rule. The following paper will compare these two documents and decipher the difference of the two. While both Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution contain important information regarding America s independence they are also different in many respects. DraftedRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The American Declaration Of Independence1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Constitution and the American Declaration of Independence The Constitution of the United States of America is always touted and considered by many across the globe as one of the most liberal and people-friendly Constitutions in the world over. This assertion flows from the lofty language with which the document was written by its drafters and further inherent in the subsequent amendments. It represents the supreme law of the U.S, having been promulgated back in 1778. On the otherRead MoreBenjamin Franklin : The Declaration Of Independence And The Constitution Of The United States764 Words   |  4 PagesBenjamin Franklin (born January 17th) was one of the founding fathers who drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. He was a man of many talents and accomplished many great feats during his lifetime. Being born on January 17th makes him fall under the influence of Saturn, Capricorn and number 8. He was very hardworking, ambitious and enterprising. Starting from 12 years old he helped his brother comp ose pamphlets and he would personally sell those on the streetRead MoreGovernmental Foundation in the Declaration of Independence Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesJuly 4, 1776, the United States of Americas Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, announced that the thirteen colonies were declaring their independence and, in doing so, were independent states apart from the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence is comprised mainly of colonial grievances and assertions of human rights. The Declaration of Independence formed a profoundRead MoreComparison Paper GOVT200679 Words   |  3 PagesS. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence are two of the oldest documents in America and two of the most popular. These documents help to shape America and gave us freedom from the British government. The two documents contains very important information about o ur independence but they are different in many ways. In this paper I will compare the two documents and incorporate an outlook from the Christian biblical worldview. The U.S Constitution and the Declaration of Independence areRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence: Americas Foundation Essay example1229 Words   |  5 Pagesissue the Declaration of Independence being a legal document has been up for debate in courts for many years now. Although, the Declaration of Independence clarifies the United States identity as a free nation, it has generated intense controversy. Some feel strongly that it did not clearly define the new powers that the thirteen colonies would acquire and did not define the identity of the United States; while, others firmly believe that without the Declaration of Independence the United States would

Perl Array Splice() Function - Quick Tutorial

The Perl splice function takes the following form: Perls splice() function is used to cut out and return a chunk or portion of an array. The portion that is cut out starts at the OFFSET element of the array and continues for LENGTH elements. If the LENGTH is not specified, it will cut to the end of the array. Example of the Perl Splice Function Think of the myNames array as a row of numbered boxes, going from left to right, numbered starting with a zero. The splice() function would cut a chunk out of the myNames array starting with the element in the #1 position (in this case, Michael) and ending 3 elements later at Matthew. The value of someNames then becomes (Michael, Joshua, Matthew), and myNames is shortened to (Jacob, Ethan, Andrew). Using the Optional REPLACE_WITH As an option, you can replace the portion removed with another array by passing it in the REPLACE_WITH argument. In the above example, the splice() function would cut a chunk out of the myNames array starting with the element in the #1 position (in this case, Michael and ending 3 elements later at Matthew. It then replaces those names with the contents of the moreNames array. The value of someNames then becomes (Michael, Joshua, Matthew), and myNames is changed to (Jacob, Daniel, William, Joseph, Ethan, Andrew). You might want to check out some other Perl array functions such as reverse() to reverse the order of your array.

Benfords Law And Where It Came From - 1371 Words

Benford’s Law and where it came from? According to Oxford dictionary, Benford’s law is the principle that in any large, randomly produced set of natural numbers, such as tables of logarithms or corporate sales statistics, around 30 percent will begin with the digit 1, 18 percent with 2, and so on, with the smallest percentage beginning with 9. The law is applied in analyzing the validity of statistics and financial records. Benford’s law is a mathematical theory of leading digits that was discovered by American astronomer Simon Newcomb. In 1881 he have noticed, that the pages of logarithms book beginning with number 1 were more worn than pages dealing with higher digits. In comparison to pages starting with 1, they looked more clean and new. He calculated that the probability that a number has any particular non-zero first digit is: P(d)=Log10(1+1/d) Where: d is a number 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 or 9 And P is the probability. Using that formula he concluded that all digits don’t appear with equal frequency but number 1 appear as the first digit about 30 % of the time, as supposed to digit 9 that appear less than 5 % of the time. However, he didn’t provide any theoretical explanation for his phenomena he described and it was son forgotten. In 1938, Frank Benford, a physicist, also noticed nonuniform way of digit distribution. He attempted to test his hypothesis by collecting and analyzing his data. After having over 20,000 observations, he noticed that numbers fell into aShow MoreRelatedThe iranian Regime and Dehumanization1282 Words   |  5 Pagesreformist will not be approved. The 2009 election was between Mir Houssein Mousavi and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Mousavi was a reformist candidate. He supported changing the constitution, allowing privately owned television stations as well as changing law enforcement to the responsibility of the president as they are the representation of the people.( Iran Chamber Society Mir Houssein Mousavi: 2009) Ahmadinejad was the conservative candidate being endorsed by the Ayatollah. Ahmadinejad’s platform wasRead MoreReview of The Drunkards Walk - How Randomness Rules Our Lives by Mlodinow 3440 Words   |  14 Pagesflawed decision making. Lansing had good luck at the beginning and bad luck at the end. Chapter 2 The Laws of Truths and Half-Truths 1. What coined the term probability, or probabilis? (Latin: probabilis credible) Cicero’s principal legacy in the field of randomness is the term he used, probabilis, which is the origin of the term we employ today. But it is one part of the Roman code of law, the Digest, compiled by Emperor Justinian in the sixth century, that is the first document in which probabilityRead MoreThe And Internal Audit Of Public Sector Essay6738 Words   |  27 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Over the last several decades, Information Technology has developed from simple data input systems to complex Information Management systems that support managerial decision with relevant, reliable and timely information. This evolution has been characterized as a shift from automated system performing only accounting functions (payroll, accounts payable, general ledger etc.) to Information system that perform enterprise wide tasks that include accounting and auditingRead MoreMba Solved Assignment Papers52670 Words   |  211 Pagesin the form of discussion and results. Research and development is nowadays of great importance in business as the level of competition, production processes and methods are rapidly increasing. It is of special importance in the field of marketing where companies keep an eagle eye on competitors and customers in order to keep pace with modern trends and analyze the needs, demands and desires of their customers. Unfortunately, research and development are very difficult to manage, since the defining

Encoding Decoding Theory free essay sample

In the 1980’s, new audience theories saw the onset of ‘active audience’ theories, which came out of the Centre for Contemporary Critical Studies at the University of Birmingham, England. One of the major stimuli for the development of the active audience theory was British sociologist Stuart Hall’s well-known encoding/decoding model, which revolutionised the way in which audiences were regarded. Halls model highlights that although media messages are embedded with a ‘preferred reading’, audience interpretations of these texts is dependent upon the individual’s assumptions and social context. As such, this model prompted shifts towards qualitive studies of audiences thereafter. Stuart Halls seminal paper: Encoding/Decoding (1980), arose primarily from Halls reservation about the theories of communication underpinning mass communications research. Mass communications research became prevalent after the Second World War and was funded by commercial bodies wanting to know how to influence audiences more effectively through advertising. It worked on the assumption that the ‘media offered an unproblematic, benign reflection of society’. We will write a custom essay sample on Encoding Decoding Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to the mass communications model, the sender (mass media) generates a message with fixed meaning, which is then communicated directly and transparently to the recipient (audience). Halls paper challenged all three components of the mass communications model arguing that – (i) the message is never transparent to audience (ii) meaning is not simply fixed or determined by sender; and (iii) the audience is not a passive recipient of meaning. Halls encoding/decoding theory, focus’s on the different ways audiences, generate, rather than discover meaning. Halls theory encompasses a number of what Hall terms as ‘moments’ (such as circulation/distribution) but is primarily concerned with the points of production/encoding and consumption/decoding. The linearity of traditional models ie – mass communication model, is replaced by a ‘circuit’. In the circuit the sender becomes the ‘producer’ and the receiver becomes the ‘consumer’. In the past, the ‘receiver’ was seen to have passive connotations leading to the conclusion of the communication process, however Halls theory sees consumption as an active process that can reproduce the original meaning that was sent. Consumption determines production just as production determines consumption’. According to Hall, encoding is a crucial moment of entry constructed by ‘material context of production of which it occurs’. Thus, Halls encoding/decoding theory is an ‘articulated model’ of communica tion, in which the audiences understanding of the message is not guaranteed at a particular moment of the circuit. In addition to the difficulty in identifying a particular moment of understanding by the audience during the communication process, is the difficulty of understanding the ‘preferred’ reading intended for the audience by the producers. According to Hall, ‘ideology of text is not guaranteed’ (Hall,1980) however the text is certainly not free of encoded structures. ‘Texts will always be inscribed with a particular social relations who produced them’ (Hall, 1980). According to Hall, texts establish a ‘dominant cultural order’ (Hall, 1980), which imposes a ‘taken for granted’ knowledge of social structures’. (Hall, 1980) The understanding of the text by the audience is known as the ‘decoding’ stage. In order for the encoded message to formulate overall meaning and have an influence on the audience, the viewer must decode it. Although media producers ‘encode’ certain meanings into media texts, the audiences ‘decode’ meanings in accordance with their own opinions, identity, and cultural knowledge. Thus, media texts are ‘polysemic’ and can be read in a number of ways. Furthermore, Hall stresses that although texts can be understood in different ways, an unlimited number of interpretations should not be assumed. Hall suggested that there are three kinds of hypothetical, ‘hegemonic’ decoding positions for the reader of a text: dominant, negotiated and oppositional. The first decoding position is the dominant or ‘hegemonic’ reading, when the audience decodes the message in the same position within which it was encoded. The audience fully accepts and reproduces its ‘preferred reading’, which could easily be a subconscious intention on the producers part. The second position is the negotiated position. In this position the audience might accept the hegemonic viewpoint on a general level, however its meaning may be manipulated by audiences beliefs or behaviour. It is a position mixed with ‘adaptive and oppositional’ elements. The third position is the oppositional position. In this position the audience decodes message in a ‘globally contrary way’ due to identity, opinion or social situation. The audience understands the preferred reading however does not share the texts code and rather rejects this reading by substituting the text with alternative structure of reference. The three positions outlined should be understood as part of a continuum across which the audience moves, rather than separates. Once an audience takes up a position this does not mean that they reject the other positions permanently. These positions are flexible and audience views are adaptable. The positions of the audience in Halls encoding/decoding theory were pointed out by him to be hypothetical and not intended ‘as prescriptive templates for studios of actual audiences. ’ Hall established these positions to be tested and refined in a continuing process to understand audience interpretation and theories surrounding ‘active audience’. Word: 940